Morphological and Syntactical Variation and Change in Catalan
Por um escritor misterioso
Last updated 09 maio 2024
Catalan is a Romance language closely related to Gallo-Romance languages. However, contact with Spanish since the 15th century has led it to adopt various linguistic features that are closer to those seen in Ibero-Romance languages. Catalan exhibits five broad dialects: Central, Northern, and Balearic, which pertain to the Eastern dialect block, and Northwestern and Valencian, which make up the Western. This article deals with the most salient morphosyntactic properties of Catalan and covers diachronic and diatopic variations. It also offers information about diastratic or sociolinguistic variations, namely standard and non-standard variations. Among the most characteristic morphosyntactic features are the following: 1. Catalan is the only Romance language that exhibits a periphrastic past tense expressed by means of the verb anar ‘go’ + infinitive (Ahir vas cantar ‘Yesterday you sang’). This periphrastic past coexists with a simple past (Ahir cantares ‘Yesterday you sang’). However, Catalan does not have a periphrastic future built with the movement verb go.2. Demonstratives show a two-term system in most Catalan dialects: aquí ‘here’ (proximal) and allà or allí ‘there’ (distal); but in Valencian and some Northwestern dialects, there is a three-term system. In contrast with other languages that have a two-term system, Catalan uses the proximal demonstrative to express proximity either to the speaker or to the addressee (Aquí on jo soc ‘Here where I am’, Aquí on tu ets ‘There where you are’).3. Catalan has a complex system of clitic pronouns (or weak object pronouns) which may vary in form according to the point of contact with the verb, proclitically or enclitically; e.g., the singular masculine accusative clitic can have two syllabic forms (el and lo) and an asyllabic one (l’ or ‘l): El saludo ‘I am greeting him’, Puc saludar-lo ‘I can greet him’, L’havies saludat ‘You had greeted him’, Saluda’l ‘Greet him’.4. Existential constructions may contain the predicate haver-hi ‘there be’, consisting of the locative clitic hi and the verb haver ‘have’ (Hi ha tres estudiants ‘There are three students’) and the copulative verb ser ‘be’ (Tres estudiants ja són aquí ‘Three students are already here’) or other verbs whose behavior can be close to an unaccusative verb when preceded by the clitic hi (Aquí hi treballen forners ‘There are some bakers working here’).5. The negative polarity adverb no ‘not’ may be reinforced by the adverbs pas or cap in some dialects and can co-occur with negative polarity items (ningú ‘anybody/nobody’, res ‘anything/nothing’, mai ‘never’, etc.). Negative polarity items exhibit negative agreement (No hi ha mai ningú ‘Nobody is ever here’), but they may express positive meaning in some non-declarative syntactic contexts (Si mai vens, truca’m ‘If you ever come, call me’).6. Other distinguishing items are the interrogative and confirmative particles, the pronominal forms of address, and the personal articles.
Catalan Language: Most Up-to-Date Encyclopedia, News & Reviews
Solved Propose the subcategorization framework of the
Languages, Free Full-Text
Globalising the study of language variation and change: A manifesto on cross‐cultural sociolinguistics - Adli - 2022 - Language and Linguistics Compass - Wiley Online Library
Double Negation in Catalan and Spanish. Interaction Between Syntax and Prosody
Language Development and Disorders in Spanish-speaking Children
Grammatical gender in Insular Celtic by Alessio Frenda - Issuu
Language Science Press
IR4.5 Morphological variation
Recomendado para você
-
Catalan, Duolingo Wiki09 maio 2024
-
Do I need to know Catalan to study in Barcelona?09 maio 2024
-
Spain Catalan crisis: Six things you need to know - BBC News09 maio 2024
-
Catalan vs. Castilian: What's the Difference? - SuiteLife09 maio 2024
-
How to Learn Catalan09 maio 2024
-
Catalonia referendum: Who are the Catalans?, Catalonia News09 maio 2024
-
Global Spain vs. Catalan separatists: The ultimate PR battle – POLITICO09 maio 2024
-
Catalan, Basque and Galician are unlikely to become official EU languages, but alternatives to connect with regional language speakers are out there09 maio 2024
-
Survival Catalan Travel Phrase Guide with Pronunciation09 maio 2024
-
14 Catalan words for expats in Barcelona09 maio 2024
você pode gostar
-
ArtStation - Ellie, The Last of Us Part II, Massimiliano Bianchini09 maio 2024
-
Alessandro Pinzani, Nathalie de Almeida Bressiani e Lucas Cardoso Petroni - 26/09/201909 maio 2024
-
BANNER - Lokis (Canal Infantil Roblox) by VicTycoon on DeviantArt09 maio 2024
-
Configurando display/setpoint: sufixo, número inteiro, casas decimais - Elipse Knowledgebase09 maio 2024
-
GABINETE GAMER GAMEMAX INFINITY ABYSS RGB MID TOWER VIDRO TEMPERADO BLACK - M908-TR09 maio 2024
-
Coffee Gives Me Teacher Powers Graphic by Sultan Design Store · Creative Fabrica09 maio 2024
-
Fiz uma tripulação aqui no #bloxfruits #roblox09 maio 2024
-
Modern Warfare 3 reveal event in CoD Warzone: date, time, and09 maio 2024
-
Vampiric The World, Stands Awakening Wiki09 maio 2024
-
ningen fushin no boukensha-tachi ga sekai wo sukuu you desu Stable09 maio 2024